Islam+Paper+Stuff

Footnotes--WHEN

 * 1) **Anytime you use the exact words from a source (which means you will ALSO use quotation marks "wow")**, regardless of what those words convey. (In this case the words need to be in quotation marks and a footnote needs to appear at the end of the sentence after the last punctuation mark in the sentence). If you use more than 5 lines of quoted material, there's another set of rules, but in this paper, you shouldn't use that are longer than 5 lines, so I'm not going to get into these rules here! In general, don't quote too much . . . only when the words from the source are really awesome. Usually you should paraphrase (use your own words).
 * 2) **When you use statistics**, even if you don't use a writer's exact words. (Remember that not all numbers are statistics; stats are estimates or the result of complex calculations).
 * 3) **When you use a writer's idea or the result of a writer's research and thinking, rather than an indisputable fact** (like the Byzantine Empire's decline aided in the expansion of Islam--this is a fact that we find in almost all of our sources, so we don't need to footnote it). When you use others' ideas, you give them credit for their work and thinking, even if you don't use their exact words.
 * 4) **Anytime your just not sure**--better safe than sorry!

Footnotes--HOW

 * In Word, to insert a footnote, put your the cursor where you want the number to appear (generally after the last punctuation mark in the sentence you need to footnote.) (In the newest version of Word, the insert footnotes function is in a menu called "references" I think.)
 * Select __Footnote__ from the __Insert__ menu at the top of the screen.
 * Click __OK__ when the screen pops up (don't change any settings).
 * Copy in the right footnote format from the options below (decide whether you need the full or shortened version).
 * Substitute the correct page (or chapter) number for the X at the end.
 * Be sure that the formatting is correct (italics OR underlining for titles, end punctuation, etc.)
 * When you finish with your last footnote, highlight all your footnotes in the paper and change them all to Times or Times New Roman (size 10).

//Use these footnote formats when you first footnote a source. (Don't copy the number--Word will put it in automatically.)// 1 Mounir A. Farah and Andrea Berens Karls, //World History: The Human Experience//. (New York: Glencoe, McGraw-Hill, 1997), X.
 * First Footnote of a Source (Full Footnote)**

1 Victor Davis Hanson. //Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power//. (New York: Random House Inc, 2002), X.

1 Albert Hourani. //History of the Arab Peoples//. (New York : MJF Books, 1991), X.

1 //Islam: Empire of Faith//. DVD recording. Produced by Robert Gardner. (Distributed by PBS. 2001).

1 John Keegan. //A History of Warfare//. (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), X.

1 Colin McEvedy. //The Penguin Atlas of African History//. (London: Penguin Books, 1995), X.

//Use these shortened footnote formats when you cite sources for a second (or later) time.// //(Don't copy the number--Word will put it in automatically.)//
 * Second or Later Footnote (Shortened)**

2 Farah and Karls, //World History//, X.

2 Hanson. //Carnage and Culture//, X.

2 Hourani. //History//, X.

2 //Islam//, PBS, chapter X.

2 Keegan, //History of Warfare//, X.

2 McEvedy, //The Penguin Atlas//, X.

=Other Formatting and Last-Steps Stuff= =Good Things to Do=
 * Use Times or Times New Roman (size 12).
 * Title your paper to reflect your point (not the topic of your paper). Center this (size 12)--you may bold it.
 * Double-Space the text of your essay.
 * Indent the first line of each paragraph.
 * Underline your thesis statement.
 * Include a heading with your name and due date at the top of the first page (single space this heading)
 * Use the spell check, and if you see green squiggly lines, fix the wording--Word is usually right.
 * Consult our Paragraph Rubric (updated here for a 5-Paragraph Essay: [[file:WH Writing Rubric.pdf]] to remind yourself of how your essay will be graded.
 * Use specific facts.
 * Explain why your specific facts help prove your thesis statement.
 * Have each paragraph be about a single idea that is part of your thesis statement.
 * Start each paragraph with a strong topic sentence that is a mini-thesis statement (rather than a fact or a throw-away sentence).